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160 Criminal Justice Policy Review patrols in the village when the Lion's Den opened, for example, the effect reported in Table 1 might be a spurious artifact of heightened surveillance. Criminologists acknowledge that heightened surveillance can exaggerate "victimless" crime rates; proactive enforcement against prostitution and drugs invariably leads to higher vice crime rates. However, proactive enforcement against"serious"crime does not produce higher rates of homicide, assault, and robbery. On the contrary, criminologists gen- erally agree that heightened surveillance reduces the rate of"serious" crime. The detailed incident reports do not support an instrumentation hypothesis. During the 881 days that the Lion's Den was open, crime in the village grew more "serious." Although five "Personal Crimes" were reported during the 761 days that the Lion's Den was closed versus three when it was open, none of the five incidents involved a weapon or resulted in an injury.When the Lion's Den was open, in contrast, two of the three"Personal Crimes"reported in the Village were armed robberies,one committed by a gang of four men wearing ski masks and armed with shotguns. Moreover, both armed robberies were committed at the site of the Lion's Den and were the only robberies recorded in the village's modern history. The timing of the crime incidents is related to their seriousness. During the 761 days that the Lion's Den was closed,Montrose's modal crime incidents were"drive-off' thefts from the village's gasoline station and vandalism at the Village's motel. Most of these incidents occurred during the day and required no immediate response from the Sheriff's Office; and because the businesses were separated from residences by 1-70, the modal incidents attracted little attention. On the other hand, during the 881 days that the Lion's Den was open, a majority of incidents occurred at night and demanded immediate action; as more incidents began to occur on the residential side of L70, crime became more noticeable to village residents. Discussion Following the opening of an adult business on an interstate highway off-ramp into a sparsely populated rural village, total crime in the village rose by approximately 60%. Two years later, when the business closed, total crime in the village dropped by approximately 60%. In light of the strong quasi-experimental design, artifactual explanations for this effect, including maturation, history, and instrumentation are implausible. The only plausible explanation for the effect reported in Table 1 is that, like adult businesses in urban and suburban settings, adult businesses in sparsely populated rural areas generate ambient crime-related secondary effects. This finding was not unexpected. Although criminological theories are based largely on data collected in urban and suburban areas, the routine activity theory of hotspots(Sherman et al., 1989)generalizes to rural settings. Put simply,adult businesses attract patrons from wide catchment areas.Because these patrons are disproportionately male, open to vice overtures, and reluctant to report victimizations, their presence 0 2008 SDAow lobid c afom n sh.t tAOs eesuelyn mIFeOrcRiNaA u sIRe V oINr uE noan u tor i2ze5d 2 d00sr ibution.